myocardial infarction/acute myocardial infarction/heart attack/ischemic heart disease / d pharma 2nd

myocardial infarction acute myocardial infarction heart attack ischemic heart disease / d pharma 2nd PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS LECTURE 11 CHAPTER 2(A) CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM iii. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (HEART ATTACK) Q . What is myocardial infarction? Give etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, nonpharmacological and pharmacological management of myocardial infarction. Myocardial Infarction (MI): Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is generally known as heart attack and it refers to tissue death (infarction) of the heart muscle (myocardium). Myocardial infarction is the irreversible death (necrosis) of heart muscle secondary to prolonged lack of oxygen supply (ischaemia). Hence, it is also called ischemic heart disease (IHD). Commonly myocardial infarction is known as heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases and stop to a part of heart (myocardium), it leads to damage of the heart. Causes of Myocardial Infarction: Loss of blood supply to the myocardium of heart, Blockage in coronary artery. Deposition of fat in coronary artery. Ventricular hypertrophy. Hypoxia.(deficiency of oxygen in the tissues of the body) Etiopathogenesis of Myocardial Infarction : The most common cause of myocardial infarction is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque on an artery supplying heart muscle. Plaques become unstable, rupture and additionally promote the formation of blood clot, that blocks artery. The blockage of an artery can lead to tissue death in tissue being supplied by that artery. This may lead to heart attack. Clinical Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction : Chest pains/chest discomfort Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) Fatigue, weakness Anxiety Restlessness Heart burn Shortness of breath Excessive sweating Nausea, vomiting, light headedness Palpitation (irregular heart beat) Sleepiness Hypertension. Nonpharmacological Management : 1.Avoid alcohol consumption 2.Avoid smoking 3.Avoid cholesterol intake 4.Bed-rest 5.Reduce sodium intake 6.Regular medical checkup 7.Psychotherapy to relieve nervousness 8.Increase intake of high fibre rich diet 9.Proper counselling and educating to the people concerned Pharmacological Management : The following pharmacological agents are used to treat myocardial infarction: 1. Vasodilators, e.g. nifedipine, glyceryl trinitrate. 2. ẞ-blockers, e.g. propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol. 3. ACE inhibitors, e.g. captopril, enalepril, ramipril. 4. Thrombolytic agents, e.g. streptokinase, urokinase. 5. Analgesics (to reduce pain), e.g. morphine. 6. Surgery: Angioplasty or coronary bypass. keyword: #heartattack #ischemic #myocardial #myocardialinfarction #pharmacy #dpharmacy #dpharmacyexamnews #waseempharmastudy #etiopathogenesis #etiology #nonpharmacological #pharmacological There are many factors which are causative agents for blockage of coronary arteries. i. Bad cholesterol ii. Saturated fats iii. Transfats A myocardial infarction may result from a heart with a limited blood supply subject to increased demands, such as in fever, a fast heart rate, hyperthyroidism, too few red blood cells in the bloodstream, or low blood pressure. Damage or failure of procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafts may cause a myocardial infarction. Spasm of coronary arteries, such as Prinzmetal's angina may cause blockage.