#NSAIDs #Classification #Pharmacology #Mechanism of #Action #ADME #Side #Effects & #Interaction #BPT

Description: In this video, we delve deep into Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), exploring their classification, mechanism of action, and potential adverse effects from a pharmacological perspective. NSAIDs are among the most widely used medications for managing pain, inflammation, and fever. From mild aches to chronic conditions, NSAIDs play a key role in improving the quality of life for millions worldwide. However, like all medications, they come with their own set of risks and side effects, which are important to understand for their safe use. Classification of NSAIDs: NSAIDs are primarily classified into two broad categories: non-selective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors. Non-selective NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, while selective COX-2 inhibitors specifically target only the COX-2 enzyme. COX-1 is involved in maintaining protective functions in the stomach lining, kidney function, and platelet aggregation, while COX-2 is primarily responsible for inflammation and pain. Popular examples of non-selective NSAIDs include Aspirin, Ibuprofen, and Diclofenac, while selective COX-2 inhibitors include Celecoxib and Etoricoxib. The distinction between these two categories helps determine the therapeutic benefits and the risks associated with NSAID use. Mechanism of Action: The primary mechanism of NSAIDs lies in their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. COX enzymes catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are chemicals responsible for mediating inflammation, pain, and fever. By blocking COX enzymes, NSAIDs reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby alleviating pain, reducing fever, and decreasing inflammation. However, COX-1 inhibition can lead to adverse effects such as gastric irritation and ulcers, while COX-2 inhibition is associated with anti-inflammatory effects with fewer gastric side effects. Selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed to minimize gastrointestinal side effects associated with non-selective NSAIDs, but they may carry other risks, such as cardiovascular complications. Adverse Effects: While NSAIDs are effective in treating various conditions, they are associated with several adverse effects, especially with long-term or high-dose use. The most common adverse effects include: Gastrointestinal issues: Non-selective NSAIDs like Aspirin and Ibuprofen can cause stomach irritation, ulcers, and gastrointestinal bleeding due to their inhibition of COX-1, which protects the stomach lining. These side effects can lead to complications like gastritis, peptic ulcers, and even life-threatening bleeding in severe cases. Renal toxicity: NSAIDs can reduce renal blood flow by inhibiting prostaglandin production, which may lead to acute kidney injury (AKI), particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions or dehydration. Cardiovascular risks: Selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as Celecoxib, have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke, especially with prolonged use. This is due to the selective inhibition of COX-2, which can lead to an imbalance in prostaglandin production, affecting vascular health. Hypertension: NSAIDs may elevate blood pressure, especially when used regularly or in high doses, by causing fluid retention and inhibiting renal prostaglandins, which are involved in regulating blood pressure. Hepatotoxicity: Some NSAIDs may cause liver damage, though this is less common. Liver function tests should be monitored in patients using NSAIDs long-term. Allergic reactions: Rare allergic reactions such as rashes, angioedema, or even anaphylaxis can occur with NSAID use. Understanding these adverse effects is crucial for both healthcare providers and patients to ensure the safe use of NSAIDs and to mitigate the potential risks associated with their use. #NSAIDs #Pharmacology #MechanismOfAction #AdverseEffects #PainManagement #Inflammation #COXInhibitors #COX2Inhibitors #Aspirin #Ibuprofen #Diclofenac #SelectiveCOX2Inhibitors #Celecoxib #Etoricoxib #PharmacologyExplained #GastrointestinalRisks #RenalToxicity #CardiovascularRisks #KidneyDamage #PepticUlcer #Hypertension #NSAIDSideEffects #DrugSideEffects #Pharmacokinetics #HealthAwareness #Medicines #DrugsExplained #PainRelief #MedicalEducation #PharmacologyBasics #MedicalScience #Healthcare #PrescriptionDrugs #DrugMechanism #HealthRisks #NSAIDClassification #UnderstandingNSAIDs