Introduction and Causes of Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (cAIHA) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy red blood cells (RBCs) at cold temperatures, typically below 30°C (86°F). This leads to hemolysis (RBC destruction) and anemia. Causes of cAIHA: 1. Genetic predisposition 2. Infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mononucleosis (EBV) HIV 3. Autoimmune disorders: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Sjögren's syndrome 4. Malignancies: Lymphoma (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia) Leukemia 5. Drugs: Penicillin Quinine 6. Blood transfusions 7. Cold exposure Pathophysiology: Antibodies (IgM, IgG) bind to RBCs at cold temperatures Activation of complement system RBC destruction through hemolysis Anemia, jaundice, and fatigue result Symptoms: Fatigue Weakness Pale skin Jaundice Dark urine Enlarged spleen Raynaud's phenomenon (cold-induced vasospasm) Diagnosis: Laboratory tests (CBC, reticulocyte count, DAT, IAT) Blood smear examination Cold agglutinin titer Treatment: Avoid cold exposure Warm clothing and environment Corticosteroids Immunoglobulins Blood transfusions (washed RBCs) Splenectomy (in some cases) Note: This is a general overview, and specific guidance should be sought from a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and treatment. #ColdAutoimmuneHemolyticlAnemia